Disclaimer

Last updated 11 October 2026.

The views in the book

Al-Milla wal-Nihla is a comparative study of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, written from the author's perspective as a Muslim scholar and published in 1989. It is presented here as published, to preserve the author's legacy and as a scholarly and historical record. It contains judgments about beliefs that others hold. These are the author's own views, of his time; they do not represent Kuwait University or any other body, and they are not published to offend followers of any faith. Readers of every faith, and of none, are welcome.

Not a religious ruling

The book is scholarship. It is not a fatwa or a religious ruling on any reader's situation. For religious questions, consult scholars you trust.

Accuracy of the text

The Arabic text was extracted from a scanned copy by optical character recognition and may contain errors, especially in Qur'anic verses, hadith, footnotes and names. Check any verse against a printed mushaf, and any quotation against the printed book, before relying on it. Page numbers follow the printed edition.

The English translation

The English translation was made by Claude, an AI model from Anthropic, following a published style guide, and has not been reviewed by a human translator. Its renderings of Qur'anic verses are the model's own and are not a published or authoritative translation of the meanings of the Qur'an. Where the English and the Arabic differ, the Arabic is the reference.

External links and sources

Links to publishers, libraries and catalogues are provided for convenience; we are not responsible for their content.

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